Advanced Lipid MarkersRoutine lipid testing alone is inadequate to identify and monitor the threat of CVD. Studies suggest select advanced lipid biomarkers enhance the understanding of a patient’s risk.
Markers of Inflammation
Additional InsightsJoin Dr. Regina Druz, MD as she explores the new CVMap Panel with clinical cases highlighting ways to best utilize this foundational cardiovascular panel.
Boston Heart Diagnostic’s foundational CVMap provides more comprehensive insights into CVD risk by augmenting standard lipid assessment with advanced diagnostics. Combine advanced lipid markers, markers of inflammation and additional insights with cholesterol balance.
| BioMarker | BioMarker Description |
|---|---|
| Lipids | |
| Total cholesterol | Amount of cholesterol in all cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. |
| Direct LDL-C | Direct measurement of the amount of cholesterol in atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. |
| sdLDL-C | Amount of cholesterol in the densest and most atherogenic LDL particles. Stronger predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than apoB or LDL-P. |
| HDL-C | Amount of cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Higher levels of HDL are associated with reduced CVD; however, very high concentrations have shown increased risk for adverse outcomes in certain populations. |
| Triglycerides | Elevated levels increase CVD risk by altering lipoprotein metabolism. |
| NonHDL | Calculation that represents the cholesterol carried by all atherogenic particles. It is an independent risk factor for ASCVD, especially in patients on statin therapy and/or with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. |
| TC/HDL-C | Lipid ratio that is a stronger risk factor than LDL-C or HDL-C. |
| HDL-C/TG | Lipid ratio associated with insulin resistance. |
| apoB | Major protein component of LDL-C and other atherogenic lipoproteins. |
| apoA-I | Provides structure to HDL particles as well as activates enzymes that add a fatty acid to cholesterol (esterifies cholesterol) and allows it to enter the core of HDL. |
| ApoB/ApoA-I | Strong predictor of heart disease risk. A higher ratio indicates more LDL/VLDL particles relative to HDL, suggesting greater cardiovascular risk. |
| Lp(a) | Lipoprotein particle similar to LDL-C that contains an additional protein called apolipoprotein(a). Independent, predominantly genetically determined, and prevalent causal risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease. |
| Cholesterol Balance | |
| Production Markers | Elevated lathosterol and desmosterol indicate cholesterol over-production and can be treated with agents that reduce production. |
| Absorption Markers | Elevated beta-sitosterol or campesterol indicate cholesterol over-absorption and can be treated with agents that reduce absorption. |
| Inflammation | |
| hs-CRP | Acute phase inflammatory protein associated with atherosclerosis (after other causes excluded). |
| LpPLA2 | Enzyme produced by monocytes/macrophages that reflects an active inflammatory process in the vessel wall. |
| Metabolics | |
| HbA1C | Concentration of glucose attached to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. It assesses the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last two to three months. |
| Glucose | Fasting glucose level ≥ 125 mg/dL indicates the presence of diabetes mellitus, associated with a significantly increased risk of developing CVD, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and retinopathy |
| Insulin | Insulin is a hormone responsible for the transportation and storage of glucose in cells. It regulates glucose levels in blood. |
| C-Peptide | Produced by β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin. It serves as an accurate measure of insulin production, even in patients receiving insulin treatment. |
| Beta Cell Function | Calculation based on fasting glucose and insulin designed to give insights into beta cell function. It allows clinicians to assess baseline beta cell function, consider treatment options, and follow changes over time. Includes HOMA-R, HOMA-B and HOMA-S |
From Dr Schaefer:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) consists of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD, fatal and non-fatal heart attack and stroke) and congestive heart failure (CHF). The 10-year risk of ASCVD, CHF, and CVD can be estimated using the PREVENT AHA On-Line Calculator using standard parameters plus BMI and eGFR, with the option to include UA/CR ratio, HbA1c, and zip code. We have added an ASCVD calculator on our web site that includes many of these parameters and hs-CRP, sdLDL-C, and Lp(a). Also the MESA ASCVD risk calculator is even more accurate because it includes coronary artery calcium score (CAC) and family history. Adding LDL particle number to the above risk algorithms does not add risk information. 10-year CVD, ASCVD, and CHF risk have been defined as: optimal <5%, borderline 5.0-<7.5%, high 7.5-19.9%, and very high >20%. High and very high-risk subjects are candidates for lifestyle change and medications (e.g. statins, ezetimibe, & PCSK9 inhibitors if necessary) to optimize lipids (LDL-C <70 mg/dL, sdLDL-C <25 mg/dL, HDL-C >40 mg/dL, TG <150 mg/dL), blood pressure <120/80 mmHg, glucose <125 mg/dL, hsCRP <1.0 mg/L, and BMI <30 kg/m2. Further information about risk assessment and treatment is provided on our website. Consultations and references to our client healthcare providers are available on request from Dr. Schaefer at ernst.schaefer@bostonheart.eurofinsus.com.

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